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    National HIV and AIDS Policy
    (2012-08) First Vice President’s Office
    The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar with support from HIV response partners has collectively initiated and implemented interventions towards averting the impact of the HIV and AIDS scourge which has remained a social, economic, and political concern nationally. This has been made possible by the guidance from the broad framework as laid out by the 2004 National HIV and AIDS policy. It has been possible to stabilize the HIV prevalence in the general population to below 1 percent through these efforts. However, new evidence has uncovered the high HIV prevalence rates amongst the key populations that are way above that of the general population. This is the highest risk that Zanzibar is facing as there is a higher chance that due to the high-risk behavior of the key populations, the transmission of HIV will affect the general population. These calls for new and concerted efforts in the national HIV response necessitate a new policy framework vide the 2012 National HIV and AIDS Policy. Globally it has been observed that investments towards HIV and AIDS have reduced significantly. In this response, countries have been called upon to adopt a strategic approach to investments. This calls for enhanced political leadership to leverage economic development while at the same time marshal internal resources to prioritize and implement the most effective HIV and AIDS programmatic interventions. This policy takes cognizance of these observations and reiterates the government’s commitment to the fight against HIV and AIDS in Zanzibar. The process of formulating this policy was a culmination of profound efforts invested through the leadership of the Zanzibar AIDS Commission (ZAC) with meaningful participation of Development Partners, HIV response implementing partners and the Zanzibari community. The stakeholders who participated in this process came from all sectors and representing a wide range of organisations. It is my conviction that with the level of participation exemplified in this process, all stakeholders shall individually and collectively assume their roles in ensuring the successful implementation of this policy to make Zanzibar free from new HIV infections, free from discrimination and free from AIDS related death.
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    Transaction Dollarization in Tanzania
    (2015-05) Pantaleo Kessy; Nicas Yabu
    Some observers in Tanzania have suggested that a significant portion of Tanzania’s businesses and service providers are using the U.S. dollar for pricing purposes as well as carrying out transactions. However, very little evidence has been put forward to support these claims. This study examines the evidence of dollarization in Tanzania, focusing mainly on the use of U.S. dollar as a medium of exchange and unit of account. The evidence presented in this study suggests that many of the concerns that have been expressed by some observers about significant use of the U.S. dollar as a medium of exchange in Tanzania are not well founded. The findings indicate that about 3.2 percent of the businesses in Mainland Tanzania and 4.5 percent in Zanzibar quote prices in U.S. dollar, but most of these businesses were willing to accept payments in Tanzanian shilling. Only 0.1 percent of the businesses in the Mainland and none in Zanzibar indicated that they would prefer payments exclusively in U.S. dollar. The findings also indicate that quotation of prices in U.S. dollar is limited to specific locations and applies to specific products/services, and in most cases is done for bona fide reasons. It is important to appreciate the influence of increased trade openness on demand for and attitude towards U.S. dollar, which is the dominant currency of foreign trade. The fact that Tanzanians hold a small portion of their wealth in U.S. dollar and insignificant number of prices are quoted in foreign currency may not be surprising in an economy where foreign goods and services account for a significant portion of what a typical household consumes. This may simply be a natural phenomenon resulting from the fact that Tanzanian economy has become much more open and outward oriented than it was some 20 years ago. In addition, this experience is not unique to Tanzania. Many countries in the region and across the world are experiencing a similar situation. We urge the authorities to avoid the use of direct measures in their quest for limiting dollarization in the economy because international evidence suggests that enforcing de-dollarization can potentially be counter-productive. Instead, we recommend the use of gradual market-oriented measures aimed at enhancing the attractiveness of the domestic currency
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    Monetary Policy Rate Pass-through to Retail Bank Interest Rates in Tanzania
    (2015-09) Wilfred E. Mbowe
    This study employs an error correction model to assess the degree and speed of adjustment of commercial banks’ interest rates to monetary policy rate changes with a view to providing insight into the pass-through of the monetary policy rate to the interbank rate and retail bank interest rates in Tanzania. The analysis started with the assessment of long run and causal relationships between interest rates. In error correction model setting and by using monthly data spanning the period March 2003 through December 2012, estimations for the retail lending rate and deposits rate models provided baseline results to help test the maintained hypotheses. Separate estimations were made for the three largest banks and “small” banks to account for concentration effects on the interest rate pass-through. In addition, distinction was made, on one hand, between banks owned privately and publicly, and foreign against domestically owed banks on the other.
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    Assessment on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) on Adolescents (10 -15 YEARS) in Zanzibar
    (2017) Zanzibar AIDS Commission
    This assessment of the knowledge, attitude and practice related to HIV/SRH among adolescents aged 10 to 15 in Zanzibar has been carried out in May, 2016 with the aim of determining baseline information that will enable monitoring and evaluation of progress regarding behavior change among these adolescents. Specifically, the survey sought to assess awareness, understanding, and misconceptions about HIV/AIDS and SRH; along with the understanding of prevention of new HIV infections and risk behaviors. The assessment was conducted both in Unguja and Pemba in five districts which covered 31 Shehias and 26 schools. The exercise involved 477 respondents of which 235 (49.3%) females and 242 (50.7%) males, and accounts for about 95.4% coverage out of the target sample size of 500 respondents. The adolescents assessed included in and out of school. Regarding the adolescents’ attendance to school and those who are out of schools, the assessment findings showed that 93% of all 477 assessed youngsters are attending school and only 7.1% were found to be out of school. Youth who attend both schools and Madrassas were found that 81% of them are attending madrassa with females being more likely to attend compared to their male counterparts. Females attending Madrassas are leading by 86.4% against males who account for 77%. A special focus was given to whether the assessed youngsters are living with their born parents or guardians. With regard to this interest, the assessment revealed that 58.7% are living with their biological parents (fathers and mothers) and over one third (36.1%) are living with single parent (mother). Youth living with people other than their biological parents accounts for only 5%. Marital status for this age group was initially seemed to be not applicable but later it was not overlooked. Findings from the assessment showed the presence of about 12% of the assessed adolescents in marital bond, portraying evidence of early marriage practices. Distressingly, five youths (4 females and 1 male) which accounts for 1% reported to live together with sexual partners outside marital bond. Findings from this assessment indicate that there is high awareness related to HIV/AIDS with low awareness of Sexual Reproductive Health (SRH) in the assessed areas. The reason for this big difference in awareness between HIV/AIDS and SRH was not explored in this assessment was because it was beyond the understanding of the target group and was not known before. The main source of information for those who have heard HIV/AIDS was TV and radio which together accounts for 76.7%, while all other sources (schools/Madrassas, magazine, books and journals) accounting for only 32.3%. Another focus of this assessment was to measure what adolescents 10-15 know about HIV/AIDS and SRH while most of attitudes and practices appeared to be crosscutting between the two areas. Other findings which are rather astonishing, is the presence of early sexual practices among this group of adolescents from the lowest age of 10 years accounting for 12% of respondents of this age. Apart from those of age 10, all other ages from 11-15 years are practicing sex, which negates the inherent culture of Zanzibar, where youth start engaging in sex 11 only during marriages. These sexual practices reported to be done with limited of use condoms indicating that they are done unprotected, exposing this naïve group to the risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections and early pregnancies. Findings further disclosed the prevalence of early marriages among the adolescents who are in and out of schools and the underlying reasons for this include, among others, limited role on the part of imparting knowledge on HIV/ AIDS and SRH to this age group. This responsibility which was supposed to be done by parents/guardians was found to be not adequately done, despite the fact that majority of adolescents are living with their biological parents. Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) found to have inadequately played their part in educating adolescents on HIV/ AIDS and SRH. This calls for HIV/ AIDS and SRH actors/players to strengthen the existing initiatives and synergy to address this target group. A need to devise alternative approaches that will focus this age group and streamline the support for prevention against the spread and subsequent response to HIV/AIDS among adolescents deem necessary. About knowledge on how HIV is transmitted, the results of this assessment further indicate that 56.6% of the adolescents interviewed are aware of the ways in which HIV virus is transmitted. For instance, 56.6% of the respondents agreed that HIV is infected through sexual intercourse; blood contacts were 55.4%; mother to child transmission 59.7% and risk behaviors 60%. The level of knowledge, attitudes and practices explored within this age group, are among the valuable inputs to guide the government in undertaking necessary interventions focusing this target group. Either, findings from this assessment will be appropriate to support government efforts to respond to HIV/AIDS and SRH for this adolescent group in the society. In addition, the findings indicate positive and negative responses with regards to issues of HIV/AIDS and SRH. Despite the fact that a good number of respondents found to be aware and have right information regarding the two assessed areas, there are considerable responses which express either ignorance or uncertainty. The situation explained in this report warrants for creating special awareness programs that target the adolescents of this age group. Based on these assessment results, the assessment team therefore recommend to HIV/AIDS and SHR players to develop appropriate awareness and training programs; incorporate HIV/ AIDS and SRH in school curriculum; improve role of parents and NGOs in educating and disseminating HIV/AIDS and SRH information to adolescents and develop a monitoring and evaluation mechanism for its sustainability
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    Potentiality of Sunflower Sub-sector in Tanzania
    (2017-03) Sungura Mashini
    Sunflower has become one of the major cash crops in Tanzania. The crop can be grown in most parts of the country as it is drought resistant, less susceptible to diseases and cheaper to cultivate compared to other oilseeds crops. Due to huge demand for sunflower products including sunflower oil, the subsector commands a significant potential in terms of economic growth and poverty reduction. However, performance of this subsector remains low and benefits from sunflower value chain have not been adequately realized. For example, edible oil production covers only 40 percent of domestic demand and Tanzania is the net importer of edible oil (ARI Ilonga, 2008). This study was conducted to investigate potentialities of sunflower subsector and its contribution to the economy. The study was carried out in areas where sunflower is grown, covering all Bank of Tanzania (BoT)’s zones notably, Central Zone (Dodoma, Iringa, Singida and Tabora regions); Eastern Zone (Lindi, Morogoro and Mtwara regions); Lake Zone (Geita, Kigoma, Mara, Simiyu, Shinyanga, Kagera and Mwanza regions); Northern Zone (Manyara, Kilimanjaro, Tanga and Arusha regions); and Southern Highlands Zone (Katavi, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Mbeya, Njombe and Songwe regions)
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    Financial Sector Reforms and Innovations and their Implications on Monetary Policy Transmission in Tanzania
    (2018-05) Nguling’wa Balele; Nicholaus Kessy; Zegezege Mpemba; Frank Aminiel; George Sije; Emmanuel Mung’ong’o
    Tanzania embarked on a series of financial reforms starting 1991 as an effort to promote the development of a market-based financial sector. The reforms were implemented in two major phases: The First Generation Financial Sector Reforms which started in 1991 targeting legal reforms to create competitive environment, modernization of the National Payment Systems, strengthening of BOT’s regulatory and supervisory capacity, restructuring and privatization of state owned banks and financial institutions. The Second Generation Financial Sector Reforms followed in 2003 aiming at strengthening the banking sector, developing financial markets, facilitating the provision of long term development finance, land reforms, creation of credit registry and strengthening of micro and rural finance. Using descriptive analysis and model-based approaches, this study assesses the impact of the reforms and innovations in the financial sector on the development of the banking sector in Tanzania and evaluates the implications of the banking sector development on the effectiveness of monetary policy. On the banking sector, the findings suggest that considerable achievements have been recorded, particularly in the structural change of the sector, as well as the quantity and quality of the financial services provided. Notably, the following achievements are worth mentioning.
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    Best Way to Increase Seaweed Production, Improve Seaweed Trade, Value Addition and Processing in Zanzibar
    (zanzibar planning commission, 2018-09) Zanzibar Planning Commission
    Seaweed farming is increasingly becoming an important alternative source of income to the majority of people in Zanzibar, especially women. It is estimated that the sector employs more than 23,654 people majority of them are women. Besides, the sector is the third contributor of foreign exchange after tourism and cloves. Seaweed contains gelling substances (carrageenan and agar and alginates) that are mainly extracted and used as thickening materials in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, textile, and painting industries. In the food industry, seaweed is also consumed as salad and added as ingredient in pastries and several foods. Seaweed is the largest marine export product in Zanzibar.
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    Study of condom access and factors that influence uptake and utilization of male and female condoms in Zanzibar
    (2018-10) Zanzibar AIDs Commission
    Condoms reduce the risk of transmitting Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). Zanzibar AIDS Commission (ZAC) noted through the condom assessment of 2016 that although condoms acceptance and use increased in the past 10 years, availability was still limited. The strategy Zanzibar condom strategy of 2016 noted that condoms availability and distribution in Zanzibar was influenced by cultural and religious beliefs and laxity in the procurement and supply management system. ZAC therefore undertook a condom study within all the 11 districts October 2018. The overall goal of this study was to determine factors that influence the uptake and usage of male and female condoms in Zanzibar. The study sought information from community members, condom suppliers, connectors1 and influential persons with focus to determine the: extent to which male and female condoms are accessible; barriers to obtaining male or female condoms; reasons that make people use or not use condoms; community attitudes and perceptions towards condoms; and how condom accessibility might be improved. The study found that condoms are moderately accessible for community members in Zanzibar. 59% of the community members reported that condoms are easily accessible and available, while 50% reported having used a condom. Condoms were reported as more available in urban areas and easily accessed at health facilities and community outreach projects. The interviewees stated that they found it easier to use male condoms, yet many had never seen the female condoms and only 3% of the respondents reported using them. Condom brands that were reported most available in the communities were Salama, Government supplied condoms and Dume as mentioned by 37%, 35% and 10% of the community members interviewed. The Government condoms are distributed free of charge, Salama is sold at Tanzania Shillings (TZS) 500 and Dume at TZS 1,000. Barriers found to be limiting access to male and female condoms in Zanzibar included: (a) stigma faced at condom distribution outlets, whereby less than a half (47%) found the outlets very convenient; (b) unfriendliness of some service providers who violated privacy, were judgmental, refused to give out condoms, or did not understand the clients’ needs, whereby only 47% found the providers to be very friendly; (c) selling price and cost of obtaining condoms which ranged from free to TZS 6,000 for some people; (d) far distance from condom distribution outlets which led some to spend an average of TZS 500 to TZS 1,600 on transport; (e) ignorance on where to get and how to use condoms as noted by 20% of the interviewees; (f) lack of privacy where condoms are sourced; (g) and restrictive socio-cultural and religious norms as quoted by 49% of the interviewees. The study found a moderate use of condoms at the most recent sexual intercourse whereby 41% reported having used a condom on this occasion. Male and female condoms were used by 92% and 3% of the respondents respectively. The following proportion of those who used condoms at last sex reported various reasons for their usage: 56% to prevent STI; 38% to prevent unplanned pregnancies; 19% to prevent HIV re-infection; 10% to protect partner from infections; 10% to prevent HIV infection; and 6% to protect self from a partner who was not trusted. Likewise, the following proportion of those who did not use condoms at last sex reported the following reasons for non-usage: 46% due to trusting their sex partners; 24% because they or their partners did not like condom; 6% due to not having condoms; 5% for fearing perceived side effects2 of using condoms; 5% for not having tested for disease; and 3% in order to comply with religious restrictions for not using condoms. Other reasons reported by community members for non-use of condoms included: wanting to conceive children; fearing rejection or Gender Based Violence (GBV) from a sex partner who dislikes condoms; not having money for obtaining condoms; and fear of damaging their image or reputation due to the stigma associated with using condoms. 79% felt that it is challenging to use the female condom as compared male condoms. The study found a mix of both positive and supportive attitudes, as well as negative attitudes towards condoms among community members and other stakeholders interviewed. Most of the influential persons within the Government Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) and Development Partners held the notion that condoms play a critical function to prevent infection with diseases and unplanned pregnancies, therefore condom use should be promoted. The same position was held by health workers, pharmacists and connectors. Community members who also mirrored this notion specified the critical role of condoms to: prevent unplanned pregnancies, STIs, HIV, and HIV re-infection. Some also mentioned maintaining hygiene during sex and enhancing the freedom to enjoy sex without worrying about infections. Some of the religious leaders and a few community members did not embrace the use of condoms. The faith leaders mostly took the position of: promoting abstinence and faithfulness; forbidding condom use; allowing condom use only for HIV discordant couples; accepting condoms for Family Planning (FP) among married couples; and/or leaving condom use as a personal decision for individuals. The community members who did not support the promotion of condom use in Zanzibar stated that condoms: reduce the enjoyment and satisfaction of sex; have various negative side-effects; tend to burst during sex and thereby cause unplanned pregnancies and the spread of disease; promote promiscuity; and deny people the right to have children. Stakeholders who were interviewed made the following recommendations for improving access to and utilization of condoms: establish more condom distribution outlets, especially in the under-served remote and/or rural areas; distribute condoms in more diversified outlets like recreation places, hotels, learning institutions and other places; enhance client privacy and confidentiality at places where condoms are being distributed; undertake Information Education and Communication (IEC) for community members on benefits of, how to use and where to obtain condoms; implement Social and Behavior Change (SBCC) to increase uptake and utilization of condoms by community members; identify and deploy more connectors to distribute condoms and provide information among various community groups; engage all stakeholders in providing information and making decisions related to condom programming; increase friendliness of service providers; provide guidelines for condom programming; reduce price and cost of obtaining condoms; undertake quality assurance to make sure condoms don’t burst or have negative effects; compel written and drawn instructions for usage and disposal on the condom packaging; and control ages of persons whom condoms can be sold to.
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    The Roles of Public Servants’ Participation on Implementation of Zanzibar Public Service Reforms Programme
    (The Institute of Public Administration, 2019) The Institute of Public Administration
    The Institute of Public Administration was established by Act No. 1 of 2007 of the House of Representatives of Zanzibar. The Institute has been established to support the Public Service Reforms Programmes which call for effective and efficiency in Public Services. As an agent for changes, IPA has been given a mandate to reshape Zanzibar public service by equipping public servants with professional and managerial skills. To accelerate development agenda in public services, IPA is taking deliberate measures to have improved performance in Public Administration through consultancy and applied research intervention.
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    Determinants of Banks Lending Interest Rates in Tanzania: An Investigation Using Banks Balance Sheet Data
    (2019) Wilfred Mbowe; Sia Shayo; Aristides Mrema
    The study seeks to examine the determinants of bank lending interest rates in Tanzania, largely focusing on identifying the key determinants and their relative importance. Techniques employed comprise interest rates decomposition and econometric estimation using banks’ annual balance sheet data. Results on interest rates decomposition suggest that, the main drivers of lending rates are operating costs, non-performing loans; and costs of funds (banks deposits interest rate). The three factors accounted for 70.4 percent of small banks’ average lending rates in 2014-17; while for medium and large banks, they constituted about 69.5 percent and 67.4 percent of the lending rates, respectively. SMR ratio appears to play an important role in all banks' lending rates, but its share has been declining overtime consistent with the expansionary monetary policy measures pursued since 2014. With respect to econometric estimations, the findings confirm the role of operating costs, non-performing loans, and costs of funds in explaining banks’ lending rates dynamics. Operating costs, cost of funds, and inflation have a statistically significant positive effect on banks’ lending rates, while bank size and level of liquidity have a negative influence. SMR ratio is statistically significant but bears a negative sign except for locally owned banks. In relative importance, the main determinants of banks’ lending rates could be ranked as follows: inflation with an average positive impact of 0.432 on lending rates for a unit change in inflation, trailed by operating costs (0.261), and cost of funds (0.255). Bank size has the largest negative effect of 0.288 for every unit increase in the variable. These factors are also significant but with some variation across bank categories. The main factors behind high deposits rates include banks' high competition for deposits partly following tight liquidity conditions experienced by banks especially from 2016, largely due to cumulative impact of substantial decline in net foreign budgetary inflows, transfer of public institutions’ deposits from commercial banks to the Bank of Tanzania and heightened expenditure management. Factors affecting non-performing loans comprise global financial crises; credit screening weaknesses; a decrease in supply of loans partly contributed by factors such as liquidity tightness, and decline of effective demand for loans ascribed to domestic fiscal consolidation and disciple enhancement measures; capital enhancement measures including adoption of capital charge for operational risk, introduction of capital buffer and anticipation of increased provision due to adoption of IFRS 9. At the same time, operating costs are largely driven by costs related to employees’ salaries and benefits which account for an average of 43.7 percent of the banking industry’s operating costs and have been increasing overtime. Other notable costs components in this are rental expenses on premises and equipment, depreciation of premises and equipment, and utilities expenses. Employees’ salaries and benefits costs are much higher for small banks at 44.4 percent of operating costs compared to 42.5 percent and 43.9 percent for medium size and large banks, respectively. The implications of these findings are that effort should be directed at improving operational efficiency aiming at reducing banks operating costs. The key areas of attention are with respect to employees’ salaries iiiBank of Tanzania WP No. 17: 2019 and benefits, as well as rental and depreciation expenses related to premises and equipment. In this, banks may consider to take advantage of ICT advancement in the country in services provision so as to cut on costs of “mortal and brick” as well as employees. Priority could be put on utilizing the growing agent banking framework, and digital banking technology. Prudent consolidation of small banks could as well help cut on operating costs, improving efficiency, and enhancing liquidity levels. Also, measures need to be taken to reduce non-performing loans including through enhancing borrowers screening mechanisms enabled by credit risk management frameworks at bank level and mandatory use of credit reference system to reduce credit risk. Strengthening of the regulatory and supervisory role is important mostly targeting to ensure adequate liquidity in the banking system for daily needs. Since SMR is a tax on banks deposits, it is recommended to reduce it further from the current 7 percent (at end-August 2019) so as to enhance banks’ lending capacity. Nevertheless, such a move should be mindful of the absorption capacity of the economy in order to reduce the possibility for building inflationary pressures. The EAC statutory reserve requirement convergence target is 5 percent by 2021, the target is already attained by Burundi with a rate of 3 percent, Rwanda (5.0 percent), and Kenya (5.25 percent). Another area of attention is related to macroeconomic stability. That can be achieved through measures targeting higher and sustainable economic growth and low and stable inflation. The duo macroeconomic fronts are important in boosting demand for credit as well as improving loan repayment capabilities, hence reducing credit risks.
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    Assessment of Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism in Tanzania
    (2019) Bank of Tanzania
    This study aims at assessing the effectiveness of alternative monetary policy transmission channels in Tanzania. Theoretically, the monetary policy transmission is expected to differ between developed and developing countries due to varied structural and institutional features. The empirical work undertaken by this study suggests that the sensitivity of output and prices to changes in monetary policy are generally weak and slow. Moreover, the study found a significant contribution of monetary policy in explaining dynamics of supply of credit to private sector which matters in fostering the growth of the economy. And lastly, it appears that inflation and exchange rate dynamics in Tanzania are highly influenced by developments in the international oil prices. There are potentially three policy implications, the first one being sustaining financial sector reforms geared towards eliminating the remaining structural impediments that hinder financial deepening, the Bank may choose to switch to an alternative monetary policy framework that has proved to be successful in attaining price stability, the Bank of Tanzania should continue with close monitoring of the global developments especially the movements in the international oil prices and react appropriately in order to safeguard the domestic macroeconomic stability.
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    National AIDS Spending Assessment (NASA)
    (2019-09-20) Zanzibar AIDS Commission
    Zanzibar consists of two main islands, Unguja and Pemba and a number of smaller islands. According to 2012 Population and Housing Census projections, by 2018 Zanzibar had a total population of 1,579,849 inhabitants (768,528 males and 811,321 females). It has an annual population growth rate of 2.8% and a population density of 400 people per square kilometre (km2). More than half of the inhabitants (53.7%) live in urban areas and the rest (46.3%) in rural areas. The large part of the population is the youth (0 - 17 years) which forms 47% of the total population.Being one of the countries that form the United Republic of Tanzania (URT), Zanzibar is committed to implement national and international responses to HIV & AIDS. While guided by the 3-ones principles, the response has been led by the Zanzibar AIDS Commission (ZAC). This is a legal entity mandated to provide strategic leadership and coordination of the national response. ZAC has developed and coordinated the implementation of the first, second and now the third National Multi-sectoral Strategic Framework (ZNSPIII) for Zanzibar that inform and guide the implementation of the national response. In addition, the health sector has been mandated to implement and oversee the health sector component of the national response through the Zanzibar Integrated HIV, Hepatitis, Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program (ZIHHTLP) which is a Department under the Ministry of Health (MoH). The national response is informed in-country by the global strategies that are guided by existing and new evidences. The united Republic of Tanzania has joined the world by committing to bold targets in the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030. The country has adopted and is monitoring the reduction of new infection as guided by UNAIDS, in its Fast-Track commitments on HIV Combination Prevention strategy. An effective and long-term response to HIV & AIDS in any developing country must have a primary financial commitment from the national resources. As countries prioritize HIV & AIDS through increased budget allocation and development of multi-sectoral plans and work actively to involve government departments outside the health sector in the fight against HIV & AIDS, the role of budgeting and expenditure tracking to the success of these programs is of paramount importance. Thus, monitoring public expenditure for HIV & AIDS in Zanzibar is vital for several reasons: i. More than looking at policy or legislation, a country’s budget is the clearest, most reliable and telling indicator of a country’s prioritization of the epidemic. ii. The national budget is the key to sustainability of any government program and in ensuring reliable availability of human workforce iii. With the current noticeable fluctuation in availability of donor funds to many African countries [such as those from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) and the Presidential Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)], it is important for public and non-public structures to track these funds, as well as advocating for increased in country funds allocation. iv. With the announcement of many African countries to roll-out Anti-retroviral (ARV) programs to all HIV-positive citizens, it is necessary to monitor the funds allocated for care, treatment and support services as part of ensuring continuum of care. v. Sustainable financing of HIV & AIDS programs is a critical element in achieving the UNAIDS' 90-90-90 goals in line with national and regional policies. On understanding this, ZAC in collaboration with UNAIDS launched a study to track expenditures on HIV & AIDS related interventions starting from the source of funds to beneficiaries level with the aim of establishing whether what has been allocated to providers reached the intended beneficiaries through appropriate interventions. The study employed the National AIDS Spending Assessment (NASA) Tools and principles developed and supported by UNAIDS.
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    Impact of Population Growth on the Economy of Zanzibar
    (2020) Zanzibar Planning Commision
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    Information and cyber security maturity models: a systematic literature review
    (2020) Anass Rabii; Saliha Assoul
    Purpose – This paper aims to clarify the uncertainty reflected in the current state of information security maturity evaluation where it has not enough matured and converged so that a generic approach or many specfics approaches become the go-to choice. In fact, in the past decade, many security maturity models are still being produced and remain unproven regardless of the existence of ISO 21827. Design/methodology/approach – The authors have used the systematic literature review to summarize existing research, help identify gaps in the existing literature and provide background for positioning new research studies.Findings – The authors highlighted the prevalent influence of the ISO/IEC 27001/27002 standard but raised the necessity for an in-depth investigation of ISO 21827. The authors also made the implementation facet a central topic of our review. The authors found out that, compared to the number of proposed models, implementation experiments are lacking. This could be due to the arduous task of validation and it could also be the reason why specific models are dominant. Originality/value – While the research literature contains many experience reports and a few case studies on information security maturity evaluation, a systematic review and synthesis of this growing field of research is unavailable as far as the authors know. In fact, the authors only picked-up one bodywork
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    Ethics and Records Management Practices in Zanzibar Public Institutions
    (The Institute of Public Administration, 2020-03) The Institute of Public Administration
    Record Management System in Zanzibar encompasses a multitude of disciplines including forms, reports, correspondence, directives, mail, files and copying, retention scheduling, vital records protection, archival preservation and ultimate disposal. It also incorporates the policies, systems and professional management techniques, systematically applied to the control of recorded information to enhance an organization’s efficiency and effectiveness, while at the same time consolidating its evidential base. They enable public officers to render effective and efficient services to the public. Governments use records for a wide range of purposes such as conforming or reviewing policies and procedures, confirming the work of employees, confirming pensions and proving citizens’ rights and enhancing transparency and accountability as confirmed.However, all of these have recently been affected tremendously as they are worked in the desert of despise. Majority of public servants in Zanzibar have been shouting against their information lose, contempt and ignored. In all levels of government authority, records witnessed to be faced by challenges which if not countered, will endanger individual and institutions’ security and finally affect performance.
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    Zanzibar Development Vision 2050
    (Zanzibar Planning Commission, 2020-10) Zanzibar Planning Commission
    Zanzibar Development Vision 2050 (henceforth Vision 2050 or ZDV50) is a long-term national development plan formulated by the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar (RGoZ) to guide Zanzibar’s overall development agenda from the year 2020 to 2050. ZDV50 has the overarching aspiration of lifting Zanzibar economically and socially to attain Upper-Middle Income Status (UMIS)1 by 2050. This goal cannot be achieved without equitable, sustainable and balanced improvements in the standard of living of all Zanzibaris. Therefore, the Vision stresses that the national direction for development in the next 30 years must prioritise inclusive and pro-poor policies that target wide- reaching strategic considerations of the economic, social, political and environmental dimensions. Vision 2050 serves as a successor plan to Vision 2020, which covered the 20-year period from 2000 to 2020. The Vision also builds on the base of Results for Prosperity, which was a government initiative to bolster multisectoral development for the core economic sectors. ZDV50 focuses on addressing the present shortcomings and broadening its scope to wider-ranging commitments, both of which are required to attain the underlined objectives. The Vision is reinforced by the spirit of the Zanzibar Revolution of 1964 as well as Zanzibar’s rich culture, which emphasises the peaceful coexistence of people of different ethnicities, faiths and beliefs.
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    ZANZIBAR BUSINESS ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 2021
    (2021) Ministry of Trade
    The report of Zanzibar Business Enabling Environment is a self-assessment conducted in 2021 to analyses regulatory performance affecting life cycle of business firms and entrepreneurs in Zanzibar domestic economy. The assessment shows that Zanzibar ranked 94 out of 191 economies by scoring 63.2 points comparing with best performance, notable improvement, easier to do business and island economies. According to the score it implies that Zanzibar can be accumulated in the easier to do business economies as it has been undertaking major reforms in improving environment of Doing Business. The analysis for general results further showing that Getting electricity, Investment Climate, Starting a business, and enforcing contracts ranked the best performances indicators in overall assessment. These indicators performed better due to reforms undertaken including minimum procedures, time, and transparency of information, efficiency and reliability of obtaining such services. The regulatory practices relating to Protecting minority investors, Getting Credit Dealing with construction permit, connecting to water and licensing are improving on the on ease of doing business while Trading across border, registering property and Trade Remedies are the lowest performance indicators on Enabling Business Environment of Zanzibar. The inadequate performance of these regulatory practices caused by too many administrative procedures and time consuming for registering of property, congestion at the port and lack of properly legal framework for trade remedies.
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    Rainfall Variability over Tanzania during October to December and Its Association with Sea Surface Temperature (SST)
    (Scientific Research Publishing, 2021-04-14) Hassan Khatib Ame; Agnes Lawrence Kijazi; Ladislaus Benedict Changa; Kantamla Biseke Mafuru; Mohamed Khamis Ngwali; Masoud Makame Faki; Asya Omar Hmad; Miraji Khamis Miraji
    The current study examines the interannual rainfall variability and its associated atmospheric circulation in Tanzania during October-December (OND) rainfall season based on 1974 to 2010 climatology. The Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF), composite and correlation analysis were used in this study. Years with enhanced precipitation are found to be associated with the low level moist and unstable wind from Congo basin which organizes and forms a confluent zone, an inter tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) extending from Congo to northern sector of the country. It however, characterizes low-level westerly moisture flux transport sourced from Congo basin, ascending limb of the local Indian Ocean Walker circulation over East Africa which enhances convection for wetness condition. Wet years are also coupled with the positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and the warm phase of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) condition. On the spatial scale, both the IOD and ENSO indices are well correlated with OND rains over the bimodal areas (Lake Victoria basin, Northeastern Highlands (NEH), and northern coast) with strong correlation being to the NEH. Strong temporal correlation is revealed between the OND rains and IOD (r = 0.6304) compared to ENSO (r = 0.5538) indicating that anomalous warming over the western Indian Ocean has a faster response to OND rains in Tanzania than the remote influence induced by anomalous warming from the central Pacific Ocean. The patterns associated with dry years are found to be linked with the low-level divergence accompanied by convergence in the upper level. This condition enhances continuous descending motion accompanied with suppression in rainfall activities. Dry years are also associated with negative IOD, cold phase of ENSO condition, descending limb of the Walker Circulation and significant reduction in the westerly moisture flux transport sourced from Congo basin towards the western sector and Lake Victoria basin.
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    Assessing the Level of Secondary Mathematics Teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge
    (Modestum Publishing Ltd, 2021-05-07) Salma Saleh Moh’d; Jean Uwamahoro; Nzotungicimpaye Joachim; John Aluko Orodho
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    Analysis of Mathematics Lesson Planning Framed by the Teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge
    (Eurasian Society of Educational Research, 2022-04-15) Salma Saleh Moh’d; Jean Uwamahoro; John Aluko Orodho
    <p style="text-align: justify;">Lesson planning is considered to be an important and efficient tool for effective teaching and learning process. Preparations of effective lesson plan requires teachers to be competent in the pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). This study investigated how the mathematics teachers’ PCK impact their competences on designing effective lesson plans. Twelve in-service mathematics teachers from public secondary schools in Unguja-Island (Zanzibar) of Tanzania were involved. The data were collected using the reviewing of the teachers’ mathematics lesson plan documents and teachers’ interview. The data were analyzed in both quantitative and qualitative mode based on the lesson plan framework guideline (LPFG) and the criteria for better planning of the sections jointly with PCK abilities indicators. The percentage average of occurrence of the sections in the teachers’ designed lesson plan (DLP) and the percentage of occurrence of different category within the sections of the DLP in relation to the criteria were determined. Also, the challenges faced by the teachers in their DLP were identified. The result of the analysis revealed that the PCK competences of mathematics teachers are not good enough to impact their DLP, as some of their designing lesson plan sections were occurred inconsistently. Also, the implementation of PCK competences for effective mathematics teaching found to be at developing stage, as some criteria related to it were not clearly observed in their DLP. The study recommends the demand of in-service training for mathematics teachers on the implementation of teachers’ competences particularly PCK in the lesson plan designing for effective classroom practices.</p>